Suchergebnisse

Social conflicts represent one of the basic social phenomena, and also a historical constant in human societies. Therefore, it has always attracted the attention of theoreticians and researchers. Writers from various fields of social sciences - philosophy, history, law, psychology, sociology military and strategic history, etc. - but also creators of various utopias on social harmony and eternal peace, have been discussing the nature of conflict, its causes, function, goals, its regulation and solving. Philosophers, ethicists and theologists have tried to justify or question it to see into its essence, to explain it as inevitability and evil, or as real social phenomenon. Hence theoretical thought on social conflicts has long history and wide range - from theological, ethical, biological, natural law and geopolitical teachings, to various versions of psychological psychosocial and social theories, game theories, and within them various versions of micro and macro theories of conflict. Nowadays, at the beginning of the Third Millennium, social conflicts, as one of the greatest socio-political and security subjects, have imposed themselves as a priority theoretical problem, due to the course of historical events in the XX century. The two world wars, revolutions, civil wars, Cold War, and a series of local wars between states, nations and religions took place in XX century while people were simultaneously overwhelmed with fear of nuclear holocaust and ecological disaster. Thus the attempt to determine the final causes of social conflicts and systematize them represents one of the priority subjects of socio-political and security thought even in the XXI century. Additional reason for that is the fact that in the XXI century the spending of several billions of dollars daily for more sophisticated armaments and maintenance of military force continued, as well as multiplication of ethnic interconfessional and parareligious conflicts and rise of radical ideologies (extreme nationalism, chauvinism, religious fundamentalism, terrorism classic and cultural racism). The aim of this paper is to get an insight into cultural, systemic, economic, ideological and socio-structural background that has created concrete social conflicts in the last decade. It simultaneously attempts to uncover involutive dialectic of transition of structural social contradictories into systemic crisis, including genesis and main factors of transition of crisis into conflicts. The paper will also attempt to tell crucial moments in genesis of social conflicts, their bearers and phenomenal forms. ; U radu se nastoji pronići u determinante i uzroke društvenih protivrečnosti i sukoba koji su obeležili kraj drugog i početak trećeg milenijuma. Težište rada je na sistematizaciji činilaca koji se nalaze u pozadini najvećeg broja društvenih kriza i konflikata a koji se ispoljavaju kao različiti, suprotni i suprotstavljeni interesi i vrednosti. Analiza je usmerena i na sagledavanje šire istorijske, sistemske, idejne, socio-strukturne, političke i kulturne podloge na kojoj neposredno nastaju različite društvene krize i sukobi a koji su značajni sa stanovišta ugrožavanja bezbednosti.

Globalization presents a universal phenomena in the contemporary world, which makes it a major sociological and politicological issue. Being of an unusually complex and controversial nature, it appears to be the subject matter of numerous discussions: philosophical and ethical, economic, military and political. Besides, globalization has been subjected to both idealization and demonization or even denial. Many authors see globalization as a disaster, comparing it to Leviathan, threatening the world with totalitarianism and complete Orwellisation of the individual and collective human existence, while others see it as the beginning of democracy and true human history. However, both sides appear to be short of arguments and clear visions related to its further course and ultimate consequences for the whole of relations and processes in the world. That is the reason why, in order to objectively view and outline major trends, positive and negative aspects of the globalization process, the need arises to answer the questions: what is globalization? Is it an abstract theoretical category, a wholesome system social and historical novelty or a process in the development of a human society?. ; Globalizacija predstavlja jednu od najuniverzalnijih pojava u savremenom svetu što je čini velikom sociološko-politikološkom temom. Svojom neobično kompleksnom i protivurečnom prirodom ona se javlja kao predmet brojnih rasprava: od filozofsko-etičkih, ekonomskih do vojno-političkih. Osim toga globalizacija je predmet kako idealizacije tako demonizacije i osporavanja. Mnogi autori u globalizaciji vide pošast, poistovećujući je sa Levijatanom koji svetu preti totalitarizmom i potpunom orvelizacijom individualne i kolektivne egzistencije ljudi, dok je za druge to početak savremene demokratije i "prave ljudske istorije". Međutim, i jedni i drugi su bez čvrstih argumenata i jasne vizije o njenom daljem toku i krajnjim posledicama po ukupne odnose i procese u svetu. Stoga da bi se objektivno sagledali i naznačili magistralni tokovi, kao i pozitivne i negativne strane procesa globalizacije nameće se potreba za odgovorom na pitanja: šta je globalizacija; da li je u pitanju apstraktna teorijska kategorija, celovit sistem, društveno-istorijska novina ili zakonomeran proces u razvoju ljudskog društva.

From modern retrospective, it can be seen that the greatest future political danger was foreseen two centuries ago by a liberal and democrat de Tocqueville: a dictatorship of new form which due to the lack of term he described as despotism, and which today can be more precisely termed totalitarianism. This form of social order marked previous century and left tragic consequences overall nations and their cultures. As 21st century started, fascism and communism as forms of totalitarian regimes (in the sense of communist regimes as existed and as they still exist in some countries - Cuba, North Korea, or transformed into so-called capitalistic communism - China), which tended to become world orders, are not topical any more. However, today under the conditions of new world order being formed, there is an increasing number of humanistic- oriented intellectuals who think that totalitarianism is not an anachronous notion and incidental negative phenomenon in the historical development of Western political, ideological and cultural circle. The voices are becoming louder and louder pointing out that there is a new totalitarianism being created - neo-liberal totalitarianism which, as it seems, will spare no one, not one of the existing and new states, not one ethnos, language or religion, not one part of the planet. The aim of this paper is to point at the possibility of totalitarian tendencies occurring in political practice of some developed liberal democratic states, which are essentially different in form from those "classical" Nazi, fascistic or Stalinist-type tendencies. The roots of these neo-totalitarian tendencies are in the very nature of neo-liberal capitalism and its ideology, the only motive of which is to accumulate profit in favour of world capital centers and multinational companies. ; U radu autor ukazuje na mogućnost pojave totalitarnih tendencija u političkoj praksi pojedinih razvijenih liberalno demokratskih država a koje su po svojoj formi bitno drugačije od onih "klasičnih'' nacističkog, fašističkog ili staljinističkog tipa. Ipak zbog toga nisu ništa manje opasne. Koreni neototalitarizma nalaze se u samoj prirodi neoliberalnog kapitalizma, njegovoj ideologiji i profitu kao osnovnom cilju. Tome doprinosi i kolonijalno-imperijalna tradicija visokorazvijenih zapadnih država i njihova sve više militarizovana privreda. Posebnu ulogu u procesima totalitarizacije imaju mediji i savremeni informacioni sistemi koji pružaju neograničene mogućnosti manipulisanja i uobličavanja javnog mnjenja. Zbog toga se danas kao imperativne nameću opominjuće reči Aleksis De Tokvila od pre dva veka da o državi i vlasti ne treba suditi po tome da li je ona u rukama mnogih ili nekolicine, već po tome koliko je njoj dopušteno da čini.

Unexpectancy and the speed of changes that took place in the areas of southeastern and central Europe, after pulling down of the Berlin Wall theoretical thought was not ready to welcome. Transforming processes have started to develop elementary and most often based on the concepts of radical (exceeded already in the XIX century) liberal capitalism. Economic regression, political system which still failed to get its final shapes radical social restratification, and after all pauperization, and also bearing in mind the misery of life of the greater part of the population made naked the conflict structure of the society. Ideological, and after that institutional disintegration of real socialistic societies had made the latent social conflicts out of all institutional and regulative frames, and also appearance of 'new' conflicts in all fields of social structure. Therewith, the upsetting issue about postsocialist societies is often turning of social conflicts into armed ones, and sometimes into bloody wars of high intensity and the destructiveness (ZND, SFRY, SRY and Macedonia as paradigm). ; Neočekivanost i brzina promena koje su zadesile prostore jugoistočne i centralne Evrope nakon rušenja berlinskog zida, teorijska miso je dočekala nespremna. Transformacijski procesi su se počeli odvijati uglavnom stihijno i najčešće na koncepcijama radikalnog (još sredinom 19. veka prevaziđenog) liberalnog kapitalizma. Ekonomska regresija, politički sistem koji još uvek nije zadobio svoje završne oblike, radikalna socijalna restratifikacija i nadasve osiromašenje pa i beda dominantnog dela stanovništva, ogolile su konfliktnu strukturu tih društava. Ideološka, a potom i institucionalna dezintegracija realsocijalističkih društava proizvela je pretvaranje latentnih u manifestne društvene sukobe mimo svih institucionalno regulatornih okvira, ali i pojavu 'novih' sukoba na svim poljima društvene strukture. Pritom, ono zabrinjavajuće u postsocijalističkim društvima je veoma često pretvaranje društvenih konflikata u oružane sukobe, a ponegde, i krvave ratove visokog intenziteta i razarajuće destruktivnosti (ZND, SFRJ SRJ i Makedonija kao paradigma).

Since ancient times, people have dealt with crises and disasters, and tried to avoid these events and mitigate and minimize their consequences. Over the time, the concept of crisis is developed, but the crisis management concept as a product of the XX century. The authors present the theoretical sources of crisis management and anlyse crisis as a theoretical problem and a challenge for research. Special attention is given to the observation of the crisis in the political context, giving the possible theoretical and methodological framework for the study of crises and disaster. Public management in crisis and disaster management is becoming increasingly important and essential task of contemporary society. By the fact that it represents a serious threat to the structure of political or safety systems, the management crisis involves the strategic knowledge, prediction and control of the uncertain situation at all levels. ; Od najstarijih vremena ljudi su se susretali sa krizama i katastrofama i pokušavali da ove događaje izbegnu i njihove posledice ublaže i umanje. Tokom vremena je razvijen koncept krize, ali je krizni menadžment kao koncept proizvod HH veka. Autori prezentuju teorijske izvore kriznog menadžmenta i razmatraju krizu kao teorijski problem i izazov za istraživanje. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje posmatranju krize u političkom kontekstu. Daje se i mogući teorijsko metodološki okvir za istraživanje kriza i katastrofa. Javna uprava danas ima sve značajniji zadatak da upravljanje u kriznim situacijama katastrofama koje predstavljaju ozbiljnu pretnju strukturi političkih ili bezbednost sistema, tako da upravljanje krizama podrazumeva strateško znanje, predviđanje i kontrolu nad neizvesnim situacijama na svim nivoima.

Since ancient times, people have dealt with crises and disasters, and tried to avoid these events and mitigate and minimize their consequences. Over the time, the concept of crisis is developed, but the crisis management concept as a product of the XX century. The authors present the theoretical sources of crisis management and anlyse crisis as a theoretical problem and a challenge for research. Special attention is given to the observation of the crisis in the political context, giving the possible theoretical and methodological framework for the study of crises and disaster. Public management in crisis and disaster management is becoming increasingly important and essential task of contemporary society. By the fact that it represents a serious threat to the structure of political or safety systems, the management crisis involves the strategic knowledge, prediction and control of the uncertain situation at all levels. ; Od najstarijih vremena ljudi su se susretali sa krizama i katastrofama i pokušavali da ove događaje izbegnu i njihove posledice ublaže i umanje. Tokom vremena je razvijen koncept krize, ali je krizni menadžment kao koncept proizvod HH veka. Autori prezentuju teorijske izvore kriznog menadžmenta i razmatraju krizu kao teorijski problem i izazov za istraživanje. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje posmatranju krize u političkom kontekstu. Daje se i mogući teorijsko metodološki okvir za istraživanje kriza i katastrofa. Javna uprava danas ima sve značajniji zadatak da upravljanje u kriznim situacijama katastrofama koje predstavljaju ozbiljnu pretnju strukturi političkih ili bezbednost sistema, tako da upravljanje krizama podrazumeva strateško znanje, predviđanje i kontrolu nad neizvesnim situacijama na svim nivoima.

The paper deals with the phenomenon of modern crises and its main features, comparing them to classic ('normal') crises, as well as the main processes that influenced this transformation. After that, the author discusses the key difficulties that coping with modern crises impose for managers. Administrative repertoire of prevention and intervention strategies is not adequate for modern crises that are much more complex and interdependent. Moreover, the conventional model of coordination is improper for dealing with proliferate number of organizations and individuals included in crisis management process. Increased politicization of crisis processes imposes new demands on crisis managers. New kinds of crises require a new way of thinking. ; Krize su stalni pratilac društvenog života. Sa napretkom društva i tehnologije koja postaje sve dostupnija i sve komplikovanija, ljudska vrsta se suočava sa sve raznovrsnijim i brojnijim krizama.U ovom radu razmatraju se karakteristike fenomena modernih kriza i njihova razlika u odnosu na klasične krize, kao i najznačajniji procesi koji su doveli do ove transformacije. Pored toga ističu se ključne teškoće koje moderne krize postavljaju pred menadžere. Promenljiva priroda savremenih kriza ima direktne implikacije na krizni menadžment. Administrativni repertoar strategija prevencije i intervencije nije odgovarajući za savremene krize koje su sve složenije i sve više međuzavisne. Vreme je da se ovi događaji uzmu ozbiljno, da iz njih počne da se uči i da ta znanja počnu da se primenjuju kako bi se ubuduće takvi događaji izbegli, ili barem ograničile njihove štetne posledice. Upravo u tome i jeste smisao zasnivanja kriznog menadžmenta kao novog istraživačkog polja i nastavno naučne discipline. Štaviše, konvencionalni organizacioni model koordinacije je neprikladan za postupanje sa prolifelirajućim mnoštvom organizacija i pojedinaca uključenih u proces kriznog menadžmenta. Sve veća politizacija kriznog procesa stavlja nove zahteve pred krizne menadžere. Moderne krize javljaju se kao izazov za savremene menadžere pokazujući sadržinsku i organizacionu nedostatnost klasičnog kriznog menadžerskog repertoara i filozofije, ozbiljno stavljajući na probu sposobnosti pojedinaca, timova i celih organizacija. Nova kriza zahteva i novi način mišljenja.

The paper deals with the phenomenon of modern crises and its main features, comparing them to classic ('normal') crises, as well as the main processes that influenced this transformation. After that, the author discusses the key difficulties that coping with modern crises impose for managers. Administrative repertoire of prevention and intervention strategies is not adequate for modern crises that are much more complex and interdependent. Moreover, the conventional model of coordination is improper for dealing with proliferate number of organizations and individuals included in crisis management process. Increased politicization of crisis processes imposes new demands on crisis managers. New kinds of crises require a new way of thinking. ; Krize su stalni pratilac društvenog života. Sa napretkom društva i tehnologije koja postaje sve dostupnija i sve komplikovanija, ljudska vrsta se suočava sa sve raznovrsnijim i brojnijim krizama.U ovom radu razmatraju se karakteristike fenomena modernih kriza i njihova razlika u odnosu na klasične krize, kao i najznačajniji procesi koji su doveli do ove transformacije. Pored toga ističu se ključne teškoće koje moderne krize postavljaju pred menadžere. Promenljiva priroda savremenih kriza ima direktne implikacije na krizni menadžment. Administrativni repertoar strategija prevencije i intervencije nije odgovarajući za savremene krize koje su sve složenije i sve više međuzavisne. Vreme je da se ovi događaji uzmu ozbiljno, da iz njih počne da se uči i da ta znanja počnu da se primenjuju kako bi se ubuduće takvi događaji izbegli, ili barem ograničile njihove štetne posledice. Upravo u tome i jeste smisao zasnivanja kriznog menadžmenta kao novog istraživačkog polja i nastavno naučne discipline. Štaviše, konvencionalni organizacioni model koordinacije je neprikladan za postupanje sa prolifelirajućim mnoštvom organizacija i pojedinaca uključenih u proces kriznog menadžmenta. Sve veća politizacija kriznog procesa stavlja nove zahteve pred krizne menadžere. Moderne krize javljaju se kao izazov za savremene menadžere pokazujući sadržinsku i organizacionu nedostatnost klasičnog kriznog menadžerskog repertoara i filozofije, ozbiljno stavljajući na probu sposobnosti pojedinaca, timova i celih organizacija. Nova kriza zahteva i novi način mišljenja.

Societies - both the individual states and the international community, alliances and the relationships they are based on. From the important issue in the function of developing possibilities, economic, military and technological power of a country, the issue of energy supply politics is turning today into a complex calculation of necessities and limitations. Energy sources are limited and impossible to restore while the demand for them is constantly increasing because the functioning of modern economies cannot be imagined without them. Under the conditions of globalized industry and world economic flows, particularly commerce, constant and safe energy production is also the matter of international prestige. This paper analyzes the political relationships and controversies which determine the creation of strategies of national and global energetic safety at the example of the United States of America, Venezuela and the Russian Federation. ; Politika u oblasti energetike spada u red strateških pitanja savremenih društava - kako pojedinačnih država, tako i međunarodne zajednice, saveza i odnosa na kojima počiva. Kao jedno od značajnih pitanja u funkciji razvojnih mogućnosti, privredne, ekonomske, vojne i tehnološke moći jedne zemlje, pitanje energetske politike danas se sve više pretvara u složenu kalkulaciju nužnosti i ograničenja. Resursi energenata su ograničeni i neobnovljivi, a potražnja za njima je u stalnom porastu jer je funkcionisanje modernih ekonomija bez njih nezamislivo. U uslovima globalizovane industrije i svetskih ekonomskih tokova, posebno trgovine, neprestana i sigurna proizvodnja energije pitanje je i međunarodnog prestiža. U radu se analiziraju politički odnosi i kontroverze, koji determinišu kreiranje strategija nacionalne i globalne energetske bezbednosti, na primerima Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, Venecuele i Ruske Federacije.

Conflicts have been a constant phenomenon in history both between groups in the archaic communities as well as between global societies and in the international community in general. Although due to the escalation of regional and internal conflicts in the 1990s the prevention and settlement of social conflicts has become a significant topic for the political and theoretical discussions in most cases the applied modalities and the conflict settlement strategies have proved to be inefficient, while the national and super-national arrangements have been helpless. The authors point to the latest strategic options in the conflict prevention. They analyze the issues related to the civilizing and institutionalization of conflicts as well as the effects of the international mediation and the use of force in their termination. ; Autori ukazuju da su konflikti u dosadašnjoj istoriji bili konstanta pojava kako na nivou unutargrupnih odnosa arhaičnih zajednica, tako i globalnih društava i u međunarodnoj zajednici uopšte. Iako su, zahvaljujući eskalaciji regionalnih i unutardržavnih konflikata u poslednjoj deceniji XX veka, pitanja prevencije i rešavanja društvenih sukoba postala značajna teorijska i politička tema, primenjeni modaliteti i strategije rešavanja konflikata u većini slučajeva su se pokazali kao neefikasni, a nacionalni i nadnacionalni institucionalni aranžmani kao nemoćni. Autori ukazuju na novije strateške opcije u prevenciji konflikata. Istovremeno se analiziraju i pitanja vezana za civilizovanje i institucionalizaciju konflikata kao i efekte međunarodnog posredovanja i upotrebe sile u njihovom okončavanju.

The issue of classes, class structure and clashes is a bottomless sociological, political and economic subject. Being complex by nature, these processes and categories feature in various discussions and interpretations with more or less ideological content, in different contexts and for different purposes. This paper endeavor's to present an objective overview of all the reasons for class divisions and clashes in developed and other societies, especially transitional ones. Furthermore, what is also pointed out is the practical value of the stratification theory and classic class theory in the conditions of globalization and neo-liberal economy. KW classes % class clashes % social inequalities % neo-liberalism . ; Pitanja klasa, klasne strukture i klasnih sukoba pred stavljaju neiscrpnu sociološko-politikološku i ekonomsku temu. Svojom kompleksnom prirodom ove kategorije i procesi se javljaju kao predmet brojnih rasprava i tumačenja, u raznim kontekstima i u različite svrhe, sa više ili manje ideološkim sadržajem. Ovaj rad pokušava da predoči objektivnu sliku uzroka klasnih podela i klasnih sukoba u razvijenim i ostalim društvima, posebno društvima u tranziciji. Takođe, ukazuje se na upotrebnu vrednost teorije stratifikacije i klasične teorije klasa u uslovima globalizacije i neoliberalne ekonomije.

Societies - both the individual states and the international community, alliances and the relationships they are based on. From the important issue in the function of developing possibilities, economic, military and technological power of a country, the issue of energy supply politics is turning today into a complex calculation of necessities and limitations. Energy sources are limited and impossible to restore while the demand for them is constantly increasing because the functioning of modern economies cannot be imagined without them. Under the conditions of globalized industry and world economic flows, particularly commerce, constant and safe energy production is also the matter of international prestige. This paper analyzes the political relationships and controversies which determine the creation of strategies of national and global energetic safety at the example of the United States of America, Venezuela and the Russian Federation. ; Politika u oblasti energetike spada u red strateških pitanja savremenih društava - kako pojedinačnih država, tako i međunarodne zajednice, saveza i odnosa na kojima počiva. Kao jedno od značajnih pitanja u funkciji razvojnih mogućnosti, privredne, ekonomske, vojne i tehnološke moći jedne zemlje, pitanje energetske politike danas se sve više pretvara u složenu kalkulaciju nužnosti i ograničenja. Resursi energenata su ograničeni i neobnovljivi, a potražnja za njima je u stalnom porastu jer je funkcionisanje modernih ekonomija bez njih nezamislivo. U uslovima globalizovane industrije i svetskih ekonomskih tokova, posebno trgovine, neprestana i sigurna proizvodnja energije pitanje je i međunarodnog prestiža. U radu se analiziraju politički odnosi i kontroverze, koji determinišu kreiranje strategija nacionalne i globalne energetske bezbednosti, na primerima Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, Venecuele i Ruske Federacije.

With the onset of the migrant crisis in Europe, irregular migration is becoming a significant security problem for European leaders and citizens. As a result, there has also been a change in the public opinion of European countries, because many citizens associate irregular migration with terrorism and other security problems. In line with the growing importance of irregular migration as a security problem, the research aimed to determine changes in migration trends in Serbia, that is, on the 'Balkan route' of migration since 2015, when the migrant crisis in Europe began. Results that can roughly indicate the profile of an irregular migrant found on the territory of the Republic of Serbia were obtained in this research, conducted between June and August 2020 on a sample of 50 irregular migrants. An irregular migrant is a person from Afghanistan, of Islamic religion, uneducated, and of a poor financial status. They want to go to Germany for money, and they cross the borders of the countries located on the 'Balkan route' on foot, occasionally using the services of smugglers. Additionally, they have no problems with the border police of Serbia. The conducted research can contribute to gaining new knowledge about the problem of irregular migration, primarily about the trends that are different than they were at the time of the migrant crisis in 2015. Unlike previous research, this research is unique in that it also refers to the work of the border police and the attitude of border police officers toward irregular migrants.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the determinants relevant to the identity of family enterprises from the perspective of their owners, in order to determine the differences in perspective according to gender, and to point out their social role. To this end, small and medium-sized family-owned enterprises operating in Serbia were observed. The focus was on determining their identity and the wider (social) role they play. It has been established that there are significant differences in certain attitudes of the owners of small and medium-sized enterprises stemming from a difference in their genders, which affects their identities and the positioning of the role they play in society.